@article{ref1,
title="Racial and ethnic differences in alcohol-, opioid-, and co-use-related deaths in  Washington State from 2011 to 2017",
journal="Addictive behaviors reports",
year="2020",
author="Oluwoye, Oladunni and Kriegel, Liat S. and Alcover, Karl C. and Hirchak, Katherine and Amiri, Solmaz",
volume="12",
number="",
pages="e100316-e100316",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Few studies exist examining alcohol and opioid co-use mortality rates  among racially and ethnically diverse communities, presenting a critical gap in  understanding the contribution of alcohol on opioid-related deaths and strategies  for prevention. The purpose of the study was to assess whether alcohol and  opioid-related deaths differ by race/ethnicity subgroups and if there has been an  increase in alcohol and opioid-related deaths between 2011 and 2017. <br><br>DESIGN:  Secondary data analysis of publicly available alcohol and opioid mortality data  among non-Hispanic Whites, Black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American  Indian/Alaska Native individuals in Washington State. MEASUREMENTS: The primary  outcomes were alcohol-only, opioid-only, and alcohol-opioid co-use mortality,  2011-2017. Alcohol and/or opioid-related deaths were assigned an International  Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) code for  the underlying or multiple cause of death. <br><br>FINDINGS: Between 2011 and 2017,  alcohol-only mortality rates increased among non-Hispanic White (P = 0.003) and  Hispanic individuals (P = 0.008). Opioid-only mortality rates increased among  American Indian/Alaska Native (P = 0.004) and Hispanic individuals (P = <0.001). American Indian/Alaska Native individuals had the highest alcohol-only, opioid-only,  and co-use-related mortality rates when looking at between-group incidence rates. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Although the opioid epidemic has been characterized as a public health  crisis that predominantly impacts non-Hispanic White individuals, racial and ethnic  minorities are increasingly impacted by fatal and non-fatal overdose related to  co-occurring substance use. Our findings using data from Washington State, align  with existing data and signal a dire need to address alcohol and opioid misuse  through targeted interventions to prevent overdose and poisoning, with special  considerations for American Indian/Alaska Native communities.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2352-8532",
doi="10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100316",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100316"
}