@article{ref1,
title="Defining the role of exposure to ACEs in ADHD: examination in a national sample of  US children",
journal="Child abuse and neglect",
year="2020",
author="Walker, Courtney S. and Walker, Benjamin H. and Brown, Dustin C. and Buttross, Susan and Sarver, Dustin E.",
volume="112",
number="",
pages="e104884-e104884",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Clinical presentations of ADHD vary according to biological and  environmental developmental influences. An emerging field of research has  demonstrated relationships between exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)  and ADHD prevalence, particularly in high-risk samples. However, research examining  the combined role of traditional risk factors of ADHD and ACEs is limited, and  reliance on high-risk samples introduces sampling bias. <br><br>OBJECTIVE: To examine the  influence of ACEs on ADHD diagnosis using a large, nationally representative sample  of US children. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Nationally representative samples (2017  and 2018) of 40,075 parents from the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). <br><br>METHODS: We conducted logistic regression models to examine the association of ACEs  and ADHD diagnosis, controlling for child and parent demographic variables and other  risk factors. <br><br>RESULTS: Exposure to ACEs was significantly associated with  parent-reported ADHD diagnosis, controlling for known parental and child-risk  factors of ADHD. The association followed a gradient pattern of increased ADHD  prevalence with additional exposures. Compared to children with no ACEs, the odds of  an ADHD diagnosis were 1.39, 1.92, and 2.72 times higher among children with one,  two and three or more ACEs. The ACE most strongly associated with the odds of ADHD  was having lived with someone with mental illness closely followed by  parent/guardian incarceration. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Results further strengthen the evidence  that ACEs exposure is associated with increased ADHD prevalence. Clinicians should  assess ACEs in the diagnosis of ADHD. Furthermore, results of the study lend support  to the efforts of agencies (both institutional and state-level) promoting routine  screening of ACEs in children.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0145-2134",
doi="10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104884",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104884"
}