@article{ref1,
title="Prevalence and minority-stress correlates of past 12-month prescription drug misuse  in a national sample of transgender and gender nonbinary adults: results from the  U.S. Transgender Survey",
journal="Drug and alcohol dependence",
year="2020",
author="Kidd, Jeremy D. and Goetz, Teddy G. and Shea, Eileen A. and Bockting, Walter O.",
volume="219",
number="",
pages="e108474-e108474",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Prescription drug (PD) misuse, particularly opioid misuse, is a major US  public health concern. While transgender and gender nonbinary (TGNB) individuals  experience numerous health disparities, including substance use disparities, little  research has focused on PD misuse in this population. <br><br>METHODS: Data for this  secondary analysis come from the US Transgender Survey (N = 26,689). First, we  examined bivariate differences in past 12-month PD misuse among binary transgender  women, binary transgender men, nonbinary individuals assigned-female-at-birth  (AFAB), and nonbinary individuals assigned-male-at-birth (AMAB). We then used  multivariable logistic regression (separately based on sex-assigned-at-birth) to  examine the relationship between gender-identity related discrimination and PD  misuse. <br><br>RESULTS: PD misuse was significantly more common among binary transgender  men (17.3 %), nonbinary AFAB individuals (18.7 %), and nonbinary AMAB individuals  (18.0 %); compared to binary transgender women (13.5 %). In multivariable analyses,  nonbinary identity was associated with higher odds of PD misuse among TGNB AFAB  individuals (OR = 1.121; 95 %CI 1.021-1.232) and AMAB individuals (OR = 1.315; 95 %  CI 1.133-1.527). Controlling for overall health status and psychological distress,  public accommodations discrimination was associated with PD misuse among TGNB AMAB  individuals (OR = 1.578, 95 %CI 1.354-1.839). Among both groups, healthcare  discrimination was associated with PD misuse (AFAB OR = 1.388, 95 %CI 1.255-1.534;  AMAB OR = 1.227, 95 %CI 1.073-1.404). <br><br>CONCLUSION: In this national sample of TGNB  individuals, nonbinary individuals were at greater risk for PD misuse than binary  individuals, possibly due to less societal affirmation. Similar to other TGNB health  disparities, discrimination based on gender identity/expression was associated with  PD misuse. This highlights the importance of interventions to reduce discrimination  against TGNB individuals.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0376-8716",
doi="10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108474",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108474"
}