@article{ref1,
title="Objective environmental exposures correlate differently with recreational and  transportation walking: a cross-sectional national study in the Netherlands",
journal="Environmental research",
year="2020",
author="Wang, Zhiyong and Ettema, Dick and Helbich, Marco",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Background Walking is a good and simple way to increase people's energy expenditure,  but there is limited evidence whether the neighborhood environment correlates  differently with recreational and transportation walking. AimTo investigate how  recreational walking and transportation walking are associated with the natural and  built environmental characteristics of the living environment in the Netherlands,  and examine the differences in their associations between weekdays and weekends. <br><br>METHOD and data We extracted the total duration of daily walking (in minutes per  person) for recreation and transportation of adults aged 18 years and above from the  Dutch National Travel Survey 2015-2017 (N=65,785) and analyzed it as an outcome  variable. <br><br>OBJECTIVE measures of the natural (i.e., normalized difference vegetation  index (NDVI), blue space and meteorological conditions) and built environment (i.e.,  crossing density, land-use mix, and residential building density) around  respondents' home addresses were determined for buffers with 300, 600, and 1,000 m  radii using a geographic information system. To assess associations between  recreational and transportation walking and the environmental exposures separately,  we fitted Tobit regression models to the walking data, adjusted for multiple  confounders. <br><br>RESULTSOn weekdays, people living in areas with less NDVI, higher  land-use mix, and higher crossing density were more likely to engage in  transportation walking. Recreational walking was negatively associated with NDVI,  blue space, crossing density, precipitation and daily average temperature. At  weekends, land-use mix supports both recreational and transportation walking. A  negative association appeared for NDVI and transportation walking. Daily average  rainfall and temperature were inversely correlated with recreational walking. Sensitivity tests indicated that some associations depend on the buffer size. <br><br>CONCLUSIONSOur findings suggest that the built and natural environments are  differently associated with people's recreational and transportation walking. We  also found differences in the walking-environment associations between weekdays and  weekends. Place-based policies to design walking-friendly neighborhoods may have  different implications for different types of walking.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0013-9351",
doi="10.1016/j.envres.2020.110591",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110591"
}