@article{ref1,
title="Performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in Japanese patients  with bipolar and major depressive disorders in euthymic and depressed states",
journal="Psychiatry and the Clinical Neurosciences",
year="2020",
author="Matsuo, Junko and Hori, Hiroaki and Ishida, Ikki and Hiraishi, Moeko and Ota, Miho and Hidese, Shinsuke and Yomogida, Yukihito and Kunugi, Hiroshi",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="AIM: This study aimed to examine the cognitive performance of patients with bipolar  disorder (BD) stratified by illness phase compared to that of patients with major  depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy controls. <br><br>METHODS: Participants were 139  patients with BD (55 euthymic and 84 depressed), 311 patients with MDD (88 euthymic  and 223 depressed), and 386 healthy controls who underwent the Wechsler Adult  Intelligence Scale-Revised or the Third (WAIS-III). They were non-elderly Japanese  with normal estimated premorbid intelligence quotient (IQ) (> 90), group-matched for  age, sex, and premorbid IQ. <br><br>RESULTS: The depressed BD group showed significantly  lower scores on verbal IQ (VIQ), performance IQ (PIQ), full-scale IQ (FSIQ), and 3  group indexes of perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed when  compared to healthy controls (all p < 0.001). All IQs and working memory index were  also significantly lower than those of the depressed MDD group. The depressed MDD  group scored significantly lower than controls in PIQ (p < 0.001), FSIQ, and only in  the index of processing speed (p < 0.001). The euthymic BD group scored  significantly lower than controls in PIQ (p = 0.004), while the euthymic MDD group  scored significantly lower than controls only in processing speed (p = 0.030). <br><br>CONCLUSION: Patients with BD appear to have global and more intense cognitive  impairments in depressed states compared to those with MDD whose impairments seem to  be apparent only in processing speed in the WAIS. Attenuated impairments appear to  exist in euthymic states of both patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1323-1316",
doi="10.1111/pcn.13191",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13191"
}