@article{ref1,
title="The effects of green and urban walking in different time frames on physio-psychological responses of middle-aged and older people in Chengdu, China",
journal="International journal of environmental research and public health",
year="2021",
author="Li, Hansen and Liu, Haowei and Yang, Zongqian and Bi, Shilin and Cao, Yang and Zhang, Guodong",
volume="18",
number="1",
pages="e90-e90",
abstract="Nighttime walking is becoming a popular exercise for many middle-aged and older people in Asian countries. However, the health benefits of nighttime walking in  urban areas and green spaces are still unclear. This study evaluated the  physiological and psychological responses of 48 middle-aged and older people who  walked 1.6 km through a green space and an urban area during daytime and nighttime. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Profile of Mood States (POMS),  Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS), and Restorative Outcome Scale (ROS) were  employed to measure the psychological responses, and pulse rate and blood pressure  (SBP, DBP and MAP) were measured to evaluate the physiological responses. The  results showed that the daytime green walking induced psychological improvements and  lowered blood pressure (p < 0.05), while the daytime urban walking resulted in  slight deterioration of all the measured parameters (p > 0.05). On the other hand,  the nighttime green walking induced lowered blood pressure (p < 0.05), whilst the  nighttime urban walking resulted in psychological improvements and lowered blood  pressure (p < 0.05), and no significant difference was found in any measured  parameter between the two nighttime walking groups. In conclusion, urban areas are  noisy and irritating in the daytime, and not suitable for walking, but may become  pleasurable and attractive at night. The psychological benefits of green walking may  decrease at night, and nighttime walking in either an urban area or a green space  may achieve similar health benefits. Therefore, we recommend that urban citizens  start nighttime walking in a green space or an urban area to keep fit when the air  is less polluted.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1661-7827",
doi="10.3390/ijerph18010090",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010090"
}