@article{ref1,
title=""Confrontational but not violent": an assessment of the potential for violence by the anti-authority community in Canada",
journal="Terrorism and political violence",
year="2020",
author="Perry, Barbara and Hofmann, David C. and Scrivens, Ryan",
volume="32",
number="8",
pages="1776-1796",
abstract="Despite a pervasive concern among law enforcement and security agencies, there are relatively few academic explorations of the likelihood of violence associated with anti-authority activists from groups such as the Freemen-on-the-Land, Sovereign Citizens, and similar movements within Canada. In order to begin addressing this gap in knowledge, this article uses a multi-method approach to explore and assess the potential for violence by the Canadian anti-authority community against the state in particular. Data were gathered from interviews with law enforcement, lawyers, judges, notaries, and movement adherents (n = 32), as well as from the analysis of open source data which included media reports, court documents, and movement websites. <br><br>RESULTS suggest that there are three distinct classes of violent activity, directed specifically at the state and state actors, that are prevalent among Canadian anti-authority movements: a) offensive/extremist violence; b) defensive/reactionary violence; and c) harassment and intimidation. The article concludes with a discussion of two emerging areas of concern related to Canadian anti-authority violence and responses to the anti-authority community in Canada.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0954-6553",
doi="10.1080/09546553.2018.1516210",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1516210"
}