@article{ref1,
title="The character of conflict: a bioarchaeological study of violence in the Nasca highlands of Peru during the Late Intermediate Period (950-1450 C.E.)",
journal="American journal of physical anthropology",
year="2020",
author="McCool, Weston C. and Tung, Tiffiny A. and Coltrain, Joan Brenner and Accinelli Obando, Aldo Javier and Kennett, Douglas J.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: This study uses osteological and radiocarbon datasets combined with formal quantitative analyses to test hypotheses concerning the character of conflict  in the Nasca highlands during the Late Intermediate Period (LIP, 950-1450 C.E.). We  develop and test osteological expectations regarding what patterns should be  observed if violence was characterized by intragroup violence, ritual conflict,  intermittent raiding, or internecine warfare. <br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Crania (n  = 267) were examined for antemortem and perimortem, overkill, and critical trauma. All age groups and both sexes are represented in the sample. One hundred twenty-four  crania were AMS dated, allowing a detailed analysis of diachronic patterns in  violence among various demographic groups. <br><br>RESULTS: Thirty-eight percent (102/267)  of crania exhibit some form of cranial trauma, a significant increase from the  preceding Middle Horizon era. There are distinct trauma frequencies within the three  subphases of the LIP, but Phase III (1300-1450 C.E.) exhibits the highest  frequencies of all trauma types. Males exhibit significantly more antemortem trauma  than females, but both exhibit similar perimortem trauma rates. <br><br>DISCUSSION: There  was chronic, internecine warfare throughout the Late Intermediate Period with  important variations in violence throughout the three temporal phases. Evidence for  heterogeneity in violent mortality shows a pattern consistent with social  substitutability, whereby any and all members of the Nasca highland population were  appropriate targets for lethal and sublethal violence. We argue that by testing  hypotheses regarding the targets and types of conflict we are better able to explain  the causes and consequences of human conflict.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0002-9483",
doi="10.1002/ajpa.24205",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24205"
}