@article{ref1,
title="Differential effects of deployment and nondeployment mild TBI on neuropsychological outcomes",
journal="Rehabilitation psychology",
year="2020",
author="Martindale, Sarah L. and Ord, Anna S. and Lad, Sagar S. and Miskey, Holly M. and Taber, Katherine H. and Rowland, Jared A.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs in a deployment environment is characteristically different from mild TBI that occurs outside of deployment. This study evaluated differential and interaction effects of deployment and  nondeployment mild TBI on cognitive and behavioral health outcomes. Research Method:  Combat veterans (N = 293) who passed performance-validity measures completed the  Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Assessment of TBI (MMA-TBI), Clinician-Administered  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Scale (CAPS-5), a neuropsychological assessment  battery, and self-report questionnaires. A 2 × 2 × 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA)  was conducted to evaluate the main and interaction effects across mild TBI groups  and PTSD diagnosis. <br><br>RESULTS: Deployment TBI was associated with poorer outcomes on  several cognitive tests: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 4th edition (WAIS-IV);  Working Memory Index (WMI; p =.018); Trail Making Test A (TMT-A; p <.001); and  Trail Making Test B (TMT-B; p =.002). Deployment TBI and PTSD were also associated  with increased PTSD, depressive, and neurobehavioral symptoms; pain interference;  and poorer sleep quality. Nondeployment TBI had no effect on cognitive performance  and was associated only with poorer sleep quality. PTSD had the strongest  associations with symptom measures and deployment TBI with cognitive outcomes. There  were no significant interaction effects after adjusting for multiple comparisons. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Remote outcomes associated with mild deployment TBI are different from  those associated with nondeployment mild TBI and are robust beyond PTSD. This  suggests that the environment surrounding a TBI event influences cognitive and  symptom sequelae. Veterans who experience mild TBI during deployment may report  changes in cognition, but most will continue to function within the expected range. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0090-5550",
doi="10.1037/rep0000374",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rep0000374"
}