@article{ref1,
title="Behavioral symptoms of child mental disorders and lifetime substance use in adolescence: a within-family comparison of US siblings",
journal="Drug and alcohol dependence",
year="2020",
author="Kim, Seongju and Kim, Dohyung",
volume="219",
number="",
pages="e108490-e108490",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is found to be a risk factor for substance use in adolescence, but literature has suggested that  the observed influence of ADHD may be driven by the comorbid conduct disorder (CD)  or oppositional defiance disorder (ODD). We examine whether childhood ADHD and CD  influence lifetime use of substances, independent of other comorbid mental problems  and familial risk factors. <br><br>METHODS: A total of 712 sibling pairs from a nationally  representative US longitudinal survey were followed from 1997 to 2015. The Behavior  Problems Index (BPI) was used to measure mental disorders in children. The  hyperactive, antisocial, headstrong, anxious/depressed subscales of the BPI for  ADHD, CD, ODD, anxiety/depression of children were assessed by their biological  mothers who were the primary caregiver. Lifetime substance use by age 18 was  measured by self-reports. A within-family design was used to minimize confounding. <br><br>RESULTS: After controlling for mother fixed effects and comorbid mental disorders,  symptoms of ADHD were not associated with lifetime substance use in adolescence  except for regular smoking, while those of CD were positively and significantly  associated with heightened risk for lifetime use of cannabis, regular smoking,  cocaine, barbiturates, tranquilizers, hallucinogens, and inhalants in adolescence. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the association observed between childhood  ADHD and substance use in adolescence may be driven by comorbid CD whose influences  are robust to other mental disorders or unobserved familial factors.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0376-8716",
doi="10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108490",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108490"
}