@article{ref1,
title="Estimating drug consumption during a college sporting event from wastewater using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry",
journal="Science of the total environment",
year="2020",
author="Lemas, Dominick J. and Loop, Mathew Shane and Duong, Michelle and Schleffer, Andrew and Collins, Clark and Bowden, John Alfred and Du, Xinsong and Patel, Keval and Ciesielski, Austin L. and Ridge, Zach and Wagner, Jarrad and Subedi, Bikram and Delcher, Chris",
volume="764",
number="",
pages="e143963-e143963",
abstract="Consumption of licit and/or illicit compounds during sporting events has traditionally been monitored using population surveys, medical records, and law  enforcement seizure data. This pilot study evaluated the temporal and geospatial  patterns in drug consumption during a university football game from wastewater using  liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Untreated wastewater  samples were collected from three locations within or near the same football stadium  every 30 min during a university football game. This analysis leveraged two LCMS/ MS  instruments (Waters Acquity TQD and a Shimadzu 8040) to analyze samples for 58 licit  or illicit compounds and some of their metabolites. Bayesian multilevel models were  implemented to estimate mass load and population-level drug consumption, while  accounting for multiple instrument runs and concentrations censored at the lower  limit of quantitation. Overall, 29 compounds were detected in at least one  wastewater sample collected during the game. The 10 most common compounds included  opioids, anorectics, stimulants, and decongestants. For compounds detected in more  than 50% of samples, temporal trends in median mass load were correlated with the  timing of the game; peak loads for cocaine and tramadol occurred during the first  quarter of the game and for phentermine during the third quarter. Stadium-wide  estimates of the number of doses of drugs consumed were rank ordered as follows:  oxycodone (n = 3246) > hydrocodone (n = 2260) > phentermine (n = 513) > cocaine (n =  415) > amphetamine (n = 372) > tramadol (n = 360) > pseudoephedrine (n = 324). This  analysis represents the most comprehensive assessment of drug consumption during a  university football game and indicates that wastewater-based epidemiology has  potential to inform public health interventions focused on reducing recreational  drug consumption during large-scale sporting events.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0048-9697",
doi="10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143963",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143963"
}