@article{ref1,
title="Resting-state directional connectivity and anxiety and depression symptoms in adult cannabis users",
journal="Biological psychiatry: cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging",
year="2020",
author="Cousijn, Janna and Hettema, John M. and Ma, Liangsuo and Roberson-Nay, Roxann and Lu, QiQi and Woisard, Kyle and Keyser-Marcus, Lori and Moeller, F. Gerard and Abbate, Antonio and Steinberg, Joel L. and Bjork, James M.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Anxiety and depression symptoms are common among cannabis users and could be a risk factor for cannabis use (CU) disorder. Thus, it is critical to  understand the neuronal circuits underlying the associations between CU and these  symptoms. Alterations in resting-state functional connectivity within and/or between  the default mode network and salience network have been reported in CU, anxiety, and  depressive disorders and thus could be a mechanism underlying the associations  between CU disorder and anxiety/depression symptoms. <br><br>METHODS: Using resting-state  functional magnetic resonance imaging, effective connectivities (ECs) among 9 major  nodes from the default mode network and salience network were measured using dynamic  causal modeling in 2 datasets: the Human Connectome Project (28 CU participants and  28 matched non-drug-using control participants) and a local CU study (21 CU  participants and 21 matched non-drug-using control participants) in separate and  parallel analyses. <br><br>RESULTS: Relative to the control participants, right amygdala to  left amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex to left amygdala, and medial prefrontal  cortex to right insula ECs were greater, and left insula to left amygdala EC was  smaller in the CU group. Each of these ECs showed a reliable linear relationship  with at least one of the anxiety/depression measures. Most findings on the right  amygdala to left amygdala EC were common to both datasets. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Right  amygdala to left amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex to left amygdala ECs may be  related to the close associations between CU and anxiety/depression symptoms. The  findings on the medial prefrontal cortex to right insula and left insula to left  amygdala ECs may reflect a compensatory mechanism.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2451-9030",
doi="10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.09.015",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.09.015"
}