@article{ref1,
title="Police discrimination, misconduct, and stigmatization of female sex workers in Kenya: associations with delayed and avoided health care utilization and lower  consistent condom use",
journal="Health and human rights",
year="2020",
author="Njuguna, Stella and Mingkwan, Pia and Kimani, Joshua and Giger, Kayla and Kemunto, Caroline and Nyblade, Laura and Mbote, David Kuria and Kraemer, John D. and Oga, Emmanuel",
volume="22",
number="2",
pages="199-212",
abstract="Discrimination and violence against sex workers by police are common in many populations and are associated with negative health outcomes, as well as being per  se violations of human rights laws and norms. There is a close and mutually  reinforcing nexus between legally actionable rights violations and stigma, and  reducing human rights violations against sex workers likely requires both legal and  societal interventions that address both. In this paper, we first aim to estimate  levels of discrimination, violence, and stigma against women sex workers by police  in Kenya. Second, we aim to estimate the association between manifestations of  discrimination and stigma, on the one hand, and general health care utilization and  consistent condom use, on the other. Using data from a survey of Kenyan sex workers,  we document widespread discrimination and stigma. Through regression analyses,  participants with the highest levels of all three categories of manifestations of  discrimination and stigma reported significant lower consistent condom use. Those  with the highest levels of witnessed/heard manifestations were significantly more  likely to delay or avoid needed health care, and the highest level of experienced  manifestations were associated with a marginally significant increase in delay or  avoidance. Our findings document a plethora of violations of human rights  obligations under Kenyan and international law.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1079-0969",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}