@article{ref1,
title="Advances and limitations in the determination and assessment of gunshot residue in the environment",
journal="Ecotoxicology and environmental safety",
year="2021",
author="Roper, Courtney and Black, Oscar and Smith, Samuel Cole",
volume="208",
number="",
pages="e111689-e111689",
abstract="Gunshot residue (GSR) stemming from the discharge of firearms has been essential to advancements in the field of forensic science however the human and environmental  health impacts from GSR are far less researched. GSR represents a multifaceted  concern: it contains a complex mixture of inorganic and organic components and  produces airborne particles with variable sizes, depositions, and fates. Herein we  evaluate studies in the literature examining GSR collection, deposition,  composition, environmental contamination, and potential remediation techniques  within the last two decades (2000 - 2020). Throughout we reflect upon key findings  and weaknesses in relation to environmental characterization of GSR and associated  firearm contaminants. Research focused on techniques to analyze both inorganic and  organic GSR simultaneously has begun, but requires additional effort. A vast  majority of the available environmental characterization literature focuses on soil  contamination at outdoor firing ranges for a select number of elements (Cu, Pb, Sb)  with comparisons between ranges or at different collection distances and depths. There is limited ability for between study comparisons due to collection and  analysis differences as well as a lack of background soil sampling. Notably, these  studies lack direct quantification of the contribution of contaminants from GSR as  well as analysis of organic compounds. Currently, there is a need for air monitoring  to determine the composition, deposition, and fate of GSR, particularly in outdoor  settings. This review summarizes the collection, characterization, and environmental  studies related to GSR and highlights areas of research needed to establish the  environmental health impacts.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0147-6513",
doi="10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111689",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111689"
}