@article{ref1,
title="Methamphetamine exposures reported to United States poison control centers, 2000-2019",
journal="Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)",
year="2021",
author="Smith, Gary A. and Zhu, Motao and Funk, Alexandra R. and Badeti, Jaahnavi and Spiller, Henry A. and Chen, Tiffany",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To investigate characteristics and trends of methamphetamine exposures reported to United States (US) poison control centers. <br><br>METHODS: Data from the  National Poison Data System were analyzed. <br><br>RESULTS: From January 1, 2000 through  December 31, 2019, US poison control centers managed 54,199 cases involving  methamphetamine as the first-ranked substance. Adults 20-39 years old accounted for  more than half (56.3%) of cases. There were 1,291 deaths, of which 43.0% involved  multiple-substance exposures. Among multiple-substance exposures in which  methamphetamine was the first-ranked substance, stimulants and street drugs  (excluding methamphetamine) were most commonly also present (22.7%), followed by  opioids (19.0%). The substance class associated with the most fatalities was opioids  (n = 243, 26.6%). The rate of methamphetamine exposures per 100,000 US population  increased from 0.6 to 1.1 from 2000-2005, then decreased from 1.1 to 0.4 from  2005-2007, followed by an increase from 0.4 to 2.6 from 2007-2019. From 2007-2019,  the rate significantly increased in all US regions, and among all age groups, except  among 6-12-year-olds. Also, the rates of single-substance and multiple-substance  exposures each increased significantly (both p < 0.0001) from 2007-2019, as did the  overall methamphetamine fatality rate per 100,000 US population (0.0036 to 0.022,  p < 0.0001). From 2000-2019, the proportions of cases resulting in admission to a  health care facility and serious medical outcome increased from 30.2% to 47.8%  (p < 0.0001) and from 37.6% to 54.0% (p < 0.0001), respectively. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The  rate of exposure to methamphetamine in the US declined initially following passage  of the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005. However, since 2007, the rate  and severity of exposures to methamphetamine have increased, primarily driven by  individuals 20 years or older. Increased prevention efforts are needed, including  prevention of methamphetamine initiation among adolescents and young adults,  improved access to effective treatment for co-occurring mental health and substance  use disorders, and prevention of unintentional exposures among children.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1556-3650",
doi="10.1080/15563650.2020.1861287",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2020.1861287"
}