@article{ref1,
title="Opioid use and driving performance",
journal="Journal of medical toxicology",
year="2021",
author="Neavyn, Mark J. and Conicella, Albert and Cameron-Burr, Keaton T.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="INTRODUCTION: The USA is in an opioid epidemic, with an increased number of individuals taking psychoactive drugs while executing the tasks of everyday life,  including operating a motor vehicle. The pharmacology of opioids has been widely  studied, but the effects of opioids on psychomotor function, driving performance,  and the risk of motor vehicle collision remain less clear. Clinicians are faced with  the challenge of controlling patient pain while also reconciling conflicting  messages from the literature about how safe it is for their patients taking opioids  to engage in potentially dangerous routine tasks. <br><br>DISCUSSION: This review assesses  the current literature regarding opioids as they relate to neurocognitive function,  driving performance, and accident risk. Manuscripts are categorized by study context  and subject matter: controlled experimental administration, illicit use,  prescription use, retrospective forensic toxicology, and polydrug consumption. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Illicit use, initiation of therapy, and opioid use in combination with  other psychoactive medications are contexts most clearly associated with impairment  of driving-related functions and/or operation of a motor vehicle. Clinicians should  counsel patients on the risk of impairment when initiating therapy, when  co-prescribing opioids and other psychoactive drugs, or when a patient is suspected  of having an opioid use disorder.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1556-9039",
doi="10.1007/s13181-020-00819-y",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13181-020-00819-y"
}