@article{ref1,
title="Biofluid biomarkers in traumatic brain injury: a systematic scoping review",
journal="Neurocritical care",
year="2021",
author="Mehrabinejad, Mohammad-Mehdi and Piri, Seyed Mohammad and Edalatfar, Maryam and Fattahi, Mohammad-Reza and Meknatkhah, Sogol and Mousavi, Monireh-Sadat and Sadeghi-Naini, Mohsen and Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi and Bari, Ausaf and Rezwanifar, Mohamad Mehdi and Jamshidi, Elham and Ghafouri, Mohammad and Aryannejad, Armin and Kaveh, Meysam and Hajighadery, Abdolkarim and Kavyani, Zeinab",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Emerging evidence suggests that biofluid-based biomarkers have diagnostic and prognostic potential in traumatic brain injuries (TBI). However, owing to the lack  of a conceptual framework or comprehensive review, it is difficult to visualize the  breadth of materials that might be available. We conducted a systematic scoping  review to map and categorize the evidence regarding biofluid-based biochemical  markers of TBI. A comprehensive search was undertaken in January 2019. Of 25,354  records identified through the literature search, 1036 original human studies were  included. Five hundred forty biofluid biomarkers were extracted from included  studies and classified into 19 distinct categories. Three categories of biomarkers  including cytokines, coagulation tests, and nerve tissue proteins were investigated  more than others and assessed in almost half of the studies (560, 515, and 502 from  1036 studies, respectively). S100 beta as the most common biomarker for TBI was  tested in 21.2% of studies (220 articles). Cortisol was the only biomarker measured  in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and saliva. The most common sampling time was  at admission and within 24 h of injury. The included studies focused mainly on  biomarkers from blood and central nervous system sources, the adult population, and  severe and blunt injuries. The most common outcome measures used in studies were  changes in biomarker concentration level, Glasgow coma scale, Glasgow outcome scale,  brain computed tomography scan, and mortality rate. Biofluid biomarkers could be  clinically helpful in the diagnosis and prognosis of TBI. However, there was no  single definitive biomarker with accurate characteristics. The present  categorization would be a road map to investigate the biomarkers of the brain injury  cascade separately and detect the most representative biomarker of each category. Also, this comprehensive categorization could provide a guiding framework to design  combined panels of multiple biomarkers.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1541-6933",
doi="10.1007/s12028-020-01173-1",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12028-020-01173-1"
}