@article{ref1,
title="Repeat injuries in childhood",
journal="South African medical journal SAMJ",
year="2020",
author="Van As, A. B. and Davies, M.-a. and Peters, S. M.",
volume="110",
number="12",
pages="1218-1225",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Injury remains a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in the developing world. The probability of injury occurrence is influenced by agent,  host and environmental factors. Studies of repeat injuries in childhood therefore  provide insight into factors in the epidemiological triad predisposing children to  injury. <br><br>OBJECTIVES: To determine the proportion of children and the factors  associated with repeat presentations to the Red Cross War Memorial Children's  Hospital Trauma Unit (RCWMCH TU) in Cape Town, South Africa, for all  non-transport-related injuries in childhood. <br><br>METHODS: This was a retrospective  cohort study using data from the RCWMCH TU. We included children aged 0 - 10 years  with first presentation from January 1997 to June 2013 and followed up until the  earlier of age 13 years or June 2016. We assessed individual and population-level  factors associated with repeat injury using multilevel Poisson regression analysis. Child dependency ratios were derived from the 2011 National Census. <br><br>RESULTS: Between  1997 and 2013, 72 490 children aged <10 years (59% male) presented to the RCWMCH  TU for the first time with injuries. After the initial injury, 9 417 (13%) presented  with a repeat injury by 2016 and before age 13 years. After adjusting for health  subdistrict, distance from RCWMCH TU and age at first presentation, factors  associated with reduced repeat presentation were injury identified as due to abuse  (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 0.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4 - 0.7),  fluid burn (aIRR 0.6; 95% CI 0.6 - 0.7), foreign body ingestion (aIRR 0.7; 95% CI  0.7 - 0.9), and moderate and severe (v. minor) initial injury (aIRR 0.9; 95% CI 0.8  - 0.9 and aIRR 0.7; 95% CI 0.6 - 0.8, respectively), while boys were more likely to  have repeat injury presentations (aIRR 1.4; 95% CI 1.4 - 1.5). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Repeat  presentations were substantial and associated with male gender. They occurred less  commonly after fluid burn injuries, foreign body ingestion and moderate to severe  injuries. Children with intentional injuries were also less likely to have a repeat  presentation. Further research is indicated for childhood injuries with greater  propensity to repeat, including non-height falls and sport-related injuries. Secondary injury prevention education should not neglect patients with unintentional  and minor injuries. These results strengthen the hypothesis that injuries arise as a  result of sustained exposure to agent, host and environmental risk factors.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0038-2469",
doi="10.7196/SAMJ.2020.v110i12.14546",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2020.v110i12.14546"
}