@article{ref1,
title="Counteracting poisoning with chemical warfare nerve agents",
journal="Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju",
year="2020",
author="Kovarik, Zrinka and Hrvat, Nikolina Maček",
volume="71",
number="4",
pages="266-284",
abstract="Phosphylation of the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by nerve agents (NAs) leads to irreversible inhibition of the enzyme and accumulation of  neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which induces cholinergic crisis, that is,  overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic membrane receptors in the central and  peripheral nervous system. In severe cases, subsequent desensitisation of the  receptors results in hypoxia, vasodepression, and respiratory arrest, followed by  death. Prompt action is therefore critical to improve the chances of victim's  survival and recovery. Standard therapy of NA poisoning generally involves  administration of anticholinergic atropine and an oxime reactivator of phosphylated  AChE. Anticholinesterase compounds or NA bioscavengers can also be applied to  preserve native AChE from inhibition. With this review of 70 years of research we  aim to present current and potential approaches to counteracting NA poisoning.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0004-1254",
doi="10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3459",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3459"
}