@article{ref1,
title="Prevalence and associated factors of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders and insomnia among visually impaired Japanese individuals",
journal="BMC public health",
year="2021",
author="Morita, Yuko and Sasai-Sakuma, Taeko and Inoue, Yuichi and Inoue, Shigeru and Okawa, Masako and Tamura, Norihisa",
volume="21",
number="1",
pages="e31-e31",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Although earlier studies have demonstrated that circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSWD) are more prevalent in visually impaired individuals,  the actual prevalence of CRSWD and insomnia among the visually impaired Japanese  population remains unclear. The aim of this cross-sectional, telephone-based study  was to estimate the prevalence of CRSWD and insomnia, and explore factors associated  with CRSWD and insomnia among visually impaired Japanese individuals. <br><br>METHODS: A  nationwide telephone survey was conducted among visually-impaired individuals  through local branches of the Japan Federation of the Blind. In total, 157 visually  impaired individuals were eligible for this study. Demographic information and  information about visual impairments, lifestyle, and sleep patterns were assessed  using questionnaires and subsequent telephone interviews. CRSWD and insomnia were  defined according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third  Edition criteria. <br><br>RESULTS: The prevalence of CRSWD in visually impaired individuals  was 33.1%. Among those with CRSWD, a non-24-h/irregular sleep-wake rhythm type was  the most frequently observed (26.8%), followed by an advanced sleep-wake phase type  and a delayed sleep-wake phase type (3.8 and 2.5%, respectively). Furthermore, 28.7%  of the visually impaired individuals were found to have insomnia. In the visually  impaired individuals, the absence of light perception, unemployment, living alone,  and use of hypnotics were significantly associated with CRSWD, whereas only the use  of hypnotics was extracted as a marginally associated factor of insomnia. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: CRSWD and insomnia were highly prevalent in visually impaired Japanese  individuals. The presence of CRSWD among the visually impaired individuals was  associated with a lack of light perception and/or social zeitgebers.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1471-2458",
doi="10.1186/s12889-020-09993-8",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09993-8"
}