@article{ref1,
title="Resilience: safety in the aftermath of traumatic stressor experiences",
journal="Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience",
year="2020",
author="Anisman, Hymie and Asokumar, Ajani and Matheson, Kimberly",
volume="14",
number="",
pages="e596919-e596919",
abstract="The relationship between adverse experiences and the emergence of pathology has often focused on characteristics of the stressor or of the individual (stressor  appraisals, coping strategies). These features are thought to influence multiple  biological processes that favor the development of mental and physical illnesses. Less often has attention focused on the aftermath of traumatic experiences, and the  importance of safety and reassurance that is necessary for longer-term well-being. In some cases (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder) this may be reflected by a  failure of fear extinction, whereas in other instances (e.g., historical trauma),  the uncertainty about the future might foster continued anxiety. In essence, the  question becomes one of how individuals attain feelings of safety when it is fully  understood that the world is not necessarily a safe place, uncertainties abound, and  feelings of agency are often illusory. We consider how individuals acquire  resilience in the aftermath of traumatic and chronic stressors. In this respect, we  review characteristics of stressors that may trigger particular biological and  behavioral coping responses, as well as factors that undermine their efficacy. To  this end, we explore stressor dynamics and social processes that foster resilience  in response to specific traumatic, chronic, and uncontrollable stressor contexts  (intimate partner abuse; refugee migration; collective historical trauma). We point  to resilience factors that may comprise neurobiological changes, such as those  related to various stressor-provoked hormones, neurotrophins, inflammatory immune,  microbial, and epigenetic processes. These behavioral and biological stress  responses may influence, and be influenced by, feelings of safety that come about  through relationships with others, spiritual and place-based connections.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1662-5153",
doi="10.3389/fnbeh.2020.596919",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.596919"
}