@article{ref1,
title="Exposure to brain trauma in six age divisions of minor ice hockey",
journal="Journal of biomechanics",
year="2020",
author="Gilchrist, Michael D. and Robidoux, Michael A. and Cournoyer, Janie and Kendall, Marshall and Laflamme, Yannick and Post, Andrew and Karton, Clara and Hoshizaki, T. Blaine",
volume="116",
number="",
pages="e110203-e110203",
abstract="Acute and chronic neurological risks associated with brain trauma sustained in professional ice hockey has generated concern for youth participants. Minor hockey  is a different game when compared to elite players presenting distinctive risk  factors for each age division. <br><br>OBJECTIVE measures of brain trauma exposure were  documented for six divisions in minor ice hockey; U7, U9, U11, U13, U15, U18. Game  video analysis, physical reconstruction and computational modelling was employed to  capture the event conditions, frequency of impacts, frequency of high strain  magnitude (>0.17) impacts, and cumulative trauma. The results showed proportional  differences in the event conditions; event type, closing velocity, and head impact  location, informing the improvement of age appropriate protection, testing  protocols, and safety standards. Frequency of events were highest for U7 when  players were learning to skate, and again in U18 as game physicality increases. No  significant difference was observed in frequency of high magnitude impacts across  age divisions. A peak in high magnitude impacts was empirically observed at both U7  and U15 where skill development in skating and body checking, respectively, were  most prominent. Finally, a cumulative trauma metric incorporating frequency and  magnitude of impacts provided a detailed analysis of trauma exposure provides for a  targeted approach to managing injury risk specific to age division. <br><br>OBJECTIVE  measures of brain trauma exposure identified in the current study are important to  inform strategy, guide legislation and initiate policy for safe play in minor ice  hockey.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0021-9290",
doi="10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110203",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110203"
}