@article{ref1,
title="Numerical analysis of hip fracture due to a sideways fall",
journal="Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials",
year="2020",
author="Quenneville, C. E. and Pietruszczak, S. and Mohammadi, H.",
volume="115",
number="",
pages="e104283-e104283",
abstract="The primary purpose of this paper is to outline a methodology for evaluating the likelihood of cortical bone fracture in the proximal femur in the event of a  sideways fall. The approach includes conducting finite element (FE) analysis in  which the cortical bone is treated as an anisotropic material, and the admissibility  of the stress field is validated both in tension and compression regime. In  assessing the onset of fracture, two methodologies are used, namely the Critical  Plane approach and the Microstructure Tensor approach. The former is employed in the  tension regime, while the latter governs the conditions at failure in compression. The propagation of localized damage is modeled using a constitutive law with  embedded discontinuity (CLED). In this approach, the localized deformation is  described by a homogenization procedure in which the average properties of cortical  tissue intercepted by a macrocrack are established. The key material properties  governing the conditions at failure are specified from a series of independent  material tests conducted on cortical bone samples tested at different orientations  relative to the loading direction. The numerical analysis deals with simulations of  experiments involving the sideways fall, and the results are compared with the  experimental data. This includes both the evolution of fracture pattern and the  local load-displacement characteristics. The proposed approach is numerically  efficient, and the results do not display a pathological mesh-dependency. Also, in  contrast to the XFEM approach, the analysis does not require any extra degrees of  freedom.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1751-6161",
doi="10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104283",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104283"
}