@article{ref1,
title="Identifying differences in gait adaptability across various speeds using movement synergy analysis",
journal="PLoS one",
year="2021",
author="Federolf, Peter and Ó'Reilly, David",
volume="16",
number="1",
pages="e0244582-e0244582",
abstract="INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to identify movement synergies during normal-walking that can differentiate healthy adults in terms of gait adaptability  at various speeds. To this end, the association between movement synergies and  lower-limb coordination variability or Deviation Phase (DP) was investigated. This  study also investigated the moderating effect of movement synergies on the  relationship between DP and the smoothness of arm-swing motion (NJI). <br><br>METHOD: A  principal component analysis of whole-body marker trajectories from normal-walking  treadmill trials at 0.8m/s, 1.2m/s and 1.6m/s was undertaken. Both DP and NJI were  derived from approx. 8 minutes of perturbed-walking treadmill trials. Principal  movement components, PMk, were derived and the RMS of the 2nd-order differentiation  of these PMk (PAkRMS) were included as independent variables representing the  magnitude of neuromuscular control in each PMk. Each PAkRMS were input into maximal  linear mixed-effects models against DP and (DP x NJI) respectively. A stepwise  elimination of terms and comparison of models using Anova identified optimal models  for both aims. <br><br>RESULTS: The principal movement related to the push-off mechanism of  gait (PA4RMS) was identified as an optimal model and demonstrated a significant  negative effect on DP however this effect may differ considerably across  walking-speeds. An optimal model for describing the variance in (DP x NJI) included  a fixed-effect of PA6RMS representing Right-Left side weight transfer was  identified. <br><br>INTERPRETATION: The hypotheses that individuals who exhibited greater  control on specific kinematic synergies would exhibit variations during perturbed  walking was substantiated. Supporting evidence for the role of movement synergies  during the double-support phase of gait in proactively correcting balance was  presented as well as the potential for this approach in targeted rehabilitation. The  potential influence of leg dominance on gait adaptability was also discussed. Future  studies should investigate further the role of walking-speed and leg dominance on  movement synergies and look to generalize these findings to patient populations.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1932-6203",
doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0244582",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244582"
}