@article{ref1,
title="Examination and comparison of cognitive and executive functions in clinically stable schizophrenia disorder, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder",
journal="Depression research and treatment",
year="2020",
author="Valianpour, Mohtasham and Ghoreishi, Fatemeh Sadat and Shiri, Nasrin and Afshari, Behrooz",
volume="2020",
number="",
pages="e2543541-e2543541",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia (SC), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) are associated with various cognitive and executive dysfunctions. The aim of  the present study was to evaluate and compare cognitive and executive dysfunctions  in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. MATERIALS AND  METHODS: Sixty-four schizophrenia patients, 68 bipolar patients, 62 patients with  major depressive disorder, and 75 healthy individuals participated in the present  study. All participants were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for  DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Positive and  Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Trial Making  Test (TMT), Four-Choice Reaction Time Task, Ruler Drop Method (RDM), Tower of London  (TOL) task, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST). Data were analyzed by  chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and independent t-tests; ANOVA; and MANOVA. <br><br>RESULTS:  In the cognitive function, the scores of SC, BD, and MDD patients were lower than  those of healthy individuals. Also, the scores of MDD patients were lower than those  of other patients, and the scores of BD patients were lower than those of SC  patients. In the executive function, the scores of SC, BD, and MDD patients were  lower than those of healthy individuals. Moreover, the scores of the MDD group were  higher than those of the BD and SC groups, and the scores of the SC group were  higher than those of the BD group. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Patients with SC, BD, and MDD have  poorer cognitive and executive functions than healthy individuals, even when these  patients are in a stable state. Assessment of cognitive and executive functions in  SC, BD, and MDD patients can help in understanding the pathology of these disorders.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2090-1321",
doi="10.1155/2020/2543541",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2543541"
}