@article{ref1,
title="Characteristics of pedestrian injuries caused due to impacts with powered 2-wheelers in India",
journal="Traffic injury prevention",
year="2021",
author="Baladaniya, Sanjay and Padmanaban, Jeya and Patel, Muddassar and Rajaraman, Ravishankar and Soni, Jigar and Jayaraman, Aravinthkumar",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: This study aims to understand the nature, severity, and sources of injuries sustained by pedestrians involved in crashes with powered 2-wheelers (PTWs)  in India. Further, it aims to understand the pedestrian injury pattern and injury  mechanism based on the pedestrian contact location on the PTW. <br><br>METHODS: Eight years  of field data from the Road Accident Sampling System-India (RASSI) database were  considered for the study. Analyses were performed using both weighted and unweighted  RASSI data. A sample of 57 crashes between pedestrians and PTWs was analyzed to  determine the pedestrian injury characteristics, pedestrian orientation with PTW,  and PTW contact zone (PCZ) or the pedestrian contact location on PTW. The PCZs were  classified into 3 types. The risk of sustaining a Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale  (MAIS) injury to the head and pedestrian injury mechanism across the 3 PCZs was  analyzed. <br><br>RESULTS: The results of both weighted and unweighted RASSI data were  consistent. About 67% of pedestrians who were killed sustained MAIS 3+ head injuries  and 52% of pedestrians with nonfatal injuries sustained MAIS 2+ lower extremity  injuries. The risk of MAIS 3+/fatal head injury is notably higher (86%) for  pedestrians struck from behind compared to pedestrians struck from the side (36%). Of the 3 PCZs, about 80% of the pedestrians contacting PCZ-1 (corner of the PTW  front end) sustained fatal head injuries and only 5% contacting PCZ-2 (center of the  PTW front end) sustained fatal head injuries. About 40% contacting PCZ-3  (combination of PCZ-1 and PCZ-2) sustained fatal head injuries. Of all AIS 3+ head  injuries, 88% were associated with ground impacts. Of all AIS 2+ lower extremity  injuries, 96% were associated with impacts to PTW front-end parts. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The  results show that head injuries account for most pedestrian fatalities in crashes  with PTWs and lower extremity injuries account for most nonfatal injuries. Head  injuries are associated with ground contacts and lower extremity injuries are  associated with contacting PTW front-end parts. Pedestrians contacting the corner of  the PTW are highly prone to MAIS 3+ head injuries, whereas pedestrians contacting  the center of the PTW are less prone to MAIS 3+ head injuries. This difference is  predominantly because of the varied injury mechanisms seen across PCZs.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1538-9588",
doi="10.1080/15389588.2020.1847280",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2020.1847280"
}