@article{ref1,
title="Gonadal and adrenal hormones interact with pubertal maturation to predict depressive symptoms in a group of high-school females",
journal="Development and psychopathology",
year="2021",
author="Josephs, Robert A. and McAfee, Ciara A. and Lee, Hae Yeon and O'Brien, Joseph M. and Yeager, David S. and Chafkin, Julia E.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Adolescent females are at elevated risk for the development of depression. In this study, we addressed two questions: Are pubertal hormones associated with adolescent  mental health? Might this association depend on pubertal development? We tested the  hypothesis that estradiol, which has been associated with adolescent social  sensitivity, might interact with pubertal stage to predict depression risk at three  time points in ninth and tenth grade. Hormones and pubertal development were  measured ninth-grade females. Linear regression analyses were used to predict fall  ninth-grade (N = 79), spring ninth-grade (N = 76), and spring tenth-grade (N = 67)  Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) scores. The hypothesized model was not  statistically significant, but exploratory analyses revealed that two- and three-way  interactions incorporating estradiol, puberty (stage and perceived onset), and  cortisol predicted current and future CDI scores. Our exploratory model did not  predict changes in CDI but did account for future (spring of ninth grade) CDI  scores. Specifically, estradiol was positively correlated with fall and spring  ninth-grade depressive symptoms in participants with high cortisol who also reported  earlier stages and later perceived onset of pubertal development. These findings  suggest that hormones associated with sensitivity to the social environment deserve  consideration in models of adolescent depression risk.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0954-5794",
doi="10.1017/S0954579420001935",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420001935"
}