@article{ref1,
title="Fiber optic sensor embedded smart helmet for real-time impact sensing and analysis through machine learning",
journal="Journal of neuroscience methods",
year="2021",
author="Huang, Jie and Gerald, Rex E. 2nd and Kumar, Aditya and O'Malley, Ryan and Han, Taihao and Yang, Qingbo and Zhuang, Yiyang",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) strongly associates with chronic neurodegenerative impairments such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild  cognitive impairment. Early detection of concussive events would significantly  enhance the understanding of head injuries and provide better guidance for urgent  diagnoses and the best clinical practices for achieving full recovery. NEW METHOD: A  smart helmet was developed with a single embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor  for real-time sensing of blunt-force impact events to helmets. The transient signals  provide both magnitude and directional information about the impact event, and the  data can be used for training machine learning (ML) models. <br><br>RESULTS: The  FBG-embedded smart helmet prototype successfully achieved real-time sensing of  concussive events. Transient data &quot;fingerprints&quot; consisting of both magnitude and  direction of impact, were found to correlate with types of blunt-force impactors. Trained ML models were able to accurately predict (R(2) ∼ 0.90) the magnitudes and  directions of blunt-force impact events from data not used for model training. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: The combination of the smart helmet data with  analyses using ML models provides accurate predictions of the types of impactors  that caused the events, as well as the magnitudes and the directions of the impact  forces, which are unavailable with existing devices. <br><br>CONCLUSION: This work resulted  in an ML-assisted, FBG-embedded smart helmet for real-time identification of  concussive events using a highly accurate multi-metric strategy. The use of ML-FBG  smart helmet systems can serve as an early-stage intervention strategy during and  after a concussive event.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0165-0270",
doi="10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109073",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109073"
}