@article{ref1,
title="One strike loading organ culture model to investigate the post-traumatic disc degenerative condition",
journal="Journal of orthopaedic translation",
year="2021",
author="Li, Zhen and Du, Jie and Cui, Shangbin and Zhou, Zhiyu and Grad, Sibylle and Alini, Mauro and Richards, R. Geoff",
volume="26",
number="",
pages="141-150",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Acute trauma on intervertebral discs (IVDs) is thought to be one of the risk factors for IVD degeneration. The pathophysiology of IVD degeneration induced  by single high impact mechanical injury is not very well understood. The aim of this  study was using a post-traumatic IVD model in a whole organ culture system to  analyze the biological and biomechanical consequences of the single high-impact  loading event on the cultured IVDs. <br><br>METHODS: Isolated healthy bovine IVDs were  loaded with a physiological loading protocol in the control group or with injurious  loading (compression at 50% of IVD height) in the one strike loading (OSL) group. After another 1 day (short term) or 8 days (long term) of whole organ culture within  a bioreactor, the samples were collected to analyze the cell viability, histological  morphology and gene expression. The conditioned medium was collected daily to  analyze the release of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and nitric oxide (NO). <br><br>RESULTS: The  OSL IVD injury group showed signs of early degeneration including reduction of  dynamic compressive stiffness, annulus fibrosus (AF) fissures and extracellular  matrix degradation. Compared to the control group, the OSL model group showed more  severe cell death (P ​< ​0.01) and higher GAG release in the culture medium  (P ​< ​0.05). The MMP and ADAMTS families were up-regulated in both nucleus pulposus  (NP) and AF tissues from the OSL model group (P ​< ​0.05). The OSL injury model  induced a traumatic degenerative cascade in the whole organ cultured IVD. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows a single hyperphysiological mechanical  compression applied to healthy bovine IVDs caused significant drop of cell  viability, altered the mRNA expression in the IVD, and increased ECM degradation. The OSL IVD model could provide new insights into the mechanism of mechanical injury  induced early IVD degeneration. THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THIS ARTICLE: This  model has a high potential for investigation of the degeneration mechanism in  post-traumatic IVD disease, identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic  targets, as well as screening of treatment therapies.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2214-031X",
doi="10.1016/j.jot.2020.08.003",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jot.2020.08.003"
}