@article{ref1,
title="Longitudinal associations of mental disorders with physical diseases and mortality among 2.3 million New Zealand citizens",
journal="JAMA network open",
year="2021",
author="Richmond-Rakerd, Leah S. and Milne, Barry J. and D'Souza, Stephanie and Moffitt, Terrie E. and Caspi, Avshalom",
volume="4",
number="1",
pages="e2033448-e2033448",
abstract="IMPORTANCE: Excess risk of physical disease and mortality has been observed among individuals with psychiatric conditions, suggesting that ameliorating mental  disorders might also be associated with ameliorating the later onset of physical  disability and early mortality. However, the temporal association between mental  disorders and physical diseases remains unclear, as many studies have relied on  retrospective recall, used cross-sectional designs or prospective designs with  limited follow-up periods, or given inadequate consideration to preexisting physical  illnesses. <br><br>OBJECTIVE: To examine whether mental disorders are associated with  subsequent physical diseases and mortality across 3 decades of observation. DESIGN,  SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This population-based cohort study used data from the New  Zealand Integrated Data Infrastructure, a collection of nationwide administrative  data sources linked at the individual level, to identify mental disorders, physical  diseases, and deaths recorded between July 1, 1988, and June 30, 2018, in the  population of New Zealand. All individuals born in New Zealand between January 1,  1928, and December 31, 1978, who resided in the country at any time during the  30-year observation period were included in the analysis. Data were analyzed from  July 2019 to November 2020. EXPOSURES: Nationwide administrative records of mental  disorder diagnoses made in public hospitals. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Chronic  physical disease diagnoses made in public hospitals, deaths, and health care use. <br><br>RESULTS: The study population comprised 2 349 897 individuals (1 191 981 men  [50.7%]; age range at baseline, 10-60 years). Individuals with a mental disorder  developed subsequent physical diseases at younger ages (hazard ratio [HR], 2.33; 95%  CI, 2.30-2.36) and died at younger ages (HR, 3.80; 95% CI, 3.72-3.89) than those  without a mental disorder. These associations remained across sex and age and after  accounting for preexisting physical diseases. Associations were observed across  different types of mental disorders and self-harm behavior (relative  risks, 1.78-2.43; P < .001 for all comparisons). Mental disorders were associated  with the onset of physical diseases and the accumulation of physical disease  diagnoses (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 2.00; 95% CI, 1.98-2.03), a higher number of  hospitalizations (IRR, 2.43; 95% CI, 2.39-2.48), longer hospital stays for treatment  (IRR, 2.70; 95% CI, 2.62-2.79), and higher associated health care costs (b = 0.115;  95% CI, 0.112-0.118). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this study, mental disorders  were likely to begin and peak in young adulthood, and they antedated physical  diseases and early mortality in the population. These findings suggest that  ameliorating mental disorders may have implications for improving the length and  quality of life and for reducing the health care costs associated with physical  diseases.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2574-3805",
doi="10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33448",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33448"
}