@article{ref1,
title="Prevalence and correlates of depression during the covid-19 pandemic and the major role of stigmatization in low- and middle-income countries: a multinational cross-sectional study",
journal="Psychiatry research",
year="2021",
author="Cénat, Jude Mary and Noorishad, Pari-Gole and Kokou-Kpolou, Cyrille Kossigan and Dalexis, Rose Darly and Hajizadeh, Saba and Guerrier, Mireille and Clorméus, Lewis Ampidu and Bukaka, Jacqueline and Birangui, Jean-Pierre and Adansikou, Kouami and Ndengeyingoma, Assumpta and Sezibera, Vincent and Derivois, Daniel and Rousseau, Cécile",
volume="297",
number="",
pages="e113714-e113714",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: Currently, there is little data on the mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aims to examine the pooled and separate prevalence and determinants of depression during the pandemic in samples from four LMICs. <br><br>METHODS: Participants (N= 1267, 40.9% women) were recruited from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Haiti, Rwanda, and Togo. They completed an online cross-sectional survey on sociodemographics, exposure and stigmatization related to COVID-19, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist depression subscale, and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-2. <br><br>RESULTS: The pooled prevalence for depression symptoms was 24.3% (95% CI: 22.08-26.79%), with significant differences across countries. Younger age, gender (women), and high levels of exposure and stigmatization related to COVIID-19, and resilience were associated with depression in the pooled data. There were significant variations at the country level. Stigmatization (but not exposure to COVID-19 and resilience) was a strong predictor among the four countries. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of depression symptoms in the LMICs are similar to those reported in China and in most high-income countries during the pandemic. The findings emphasize the need for implementing non-fear-based education programs during epidemics to reduce stigmatization.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0165-1781",
doi="10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113714",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113714"
}