@article{ref1,
title="The development of post-traumatic stress symptoms among adolescents who experience cyber and traditional victimization over time",
journal="Journal of youth and adolescence",
year="2021",
author="Holfeld, Brett and Mishna, Faye",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Adolescents' experiences of bullying victimization are positively associated with their post-traumatic stress symptoms. The development of these symptoms alongside experiences of bullying victimization over time, however, are not well understood. The current study used a transactional theory of development to examine the bidirectional associations between adolescents' post-traumatic stress symptoms and experiences of cyber and traditional victimization across three academic years. Participants were 510 Canadian students in grade 7 or 10 (M(age) = 13.7, 61.6% girls) who completed surveys annually. The findings show that adolescents' concurrent experiences of cyber and traditional victimization were uniquely associated with their post-traumatic stress symptoms. Over time, greater post-traumatic stress symptoms were associated with more experiences of cyber and traditional victimization among adolescent boys and girls. Prevention and intervention efforts must address the role of post-traumatic stress symptoms that may limit adolescents' ability to develop or maintain healthy relationships.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0047-2891",
doi="10.1007/s10964-021-01394-3",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01394-3"
}