@article{ref1,
title="Investigating the genetic and environmental aetiologies of non-suicidal and suicidal self-harm: a twin study",
journal="Psychological medicine",
year="2021",
author="Lim, Kai Xiang and Krebs, Georgina and Rimfeld, Kaili and Pingault, Jean-Baptiste and Rijsdijk, Frühling Vesta",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Self-harm is a major health concern, not only as a signal of distress but also as a strong predictor of later suicide. Self-harm can be further refined into suicidal self-harm (SSH, i.e. suicide attempt) and non-suicidal self-harm (NSSH). Understanding the aetiologies of NSSH and SSH can help inform suicide prevention strategies. Using a twin design, we investigated the phenotypic and aetiological relationships between NSSH and SSH, and their aetiological overlap with mental health problems. <br><br>METHODS: We analysed data from the Twins Early Development Study using structural equation modelling. At age 21 years, 9063 twins (62.4% female) answered questions related to self-harm. At age 16 years, 19 self- or parent-reported mental health measures were administered, including measures of internalising and externalising problems, psychotic-like experiences and substance abuse. <br><br>RESULTS: Prevalences for NSSH and SSH were 21.9% and 10.5%, respectively. Additive genetic factors explained half of the variance in NSSH (55%) and SSH (50%), with the rest explained by non-shared environmental factors. Phenotypically, NSSH and SSH were strongly correlated (r = 0.87) with their correlation explained by genetic (57%) and non-shared environmental (43%) factors. We found no evidence that NSSH and SSH differed in their phenotypic and aetiological relationships with mental health measures. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest no aetiological difference between NSSH and SSH. NSSH and SSH should be regarded as two different ends of a continuum, rather than as two distinct categories.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0033-2917",
doi="10.1017/S0033291721000040",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721000040"
}