@article{ref1,
title="Is the incidence of depressive disorders increased following cerebral concussion?",
journal="Journal of family practice",
year="2021",
author="Deck, Jason W. and Kern, Thomas and Cavanagh, LaMont and Bartow, Matthew and Perkins Iii, Franklin T. and Hoberecht, Toni and Migdalski, Alyssa",
volume="70",
number="1",
pages="e4-e6",
abstract="Yes, in some populations. Youth and adolescents with self-reported history of concussion had increased risk of depressive disorders (strength of recommendation [SOR]: B, based on a prospective cohort study and a retrospective cohort study). Evidence was inconsistent for college athletes. Athletes with ≥ 3 concussions exhibited more depressive disorders, but no association was observed for those with 1 or 2 concussions compared to nonconcussion injuries (SOR: B, based on a cross-sectional study, a small prospective cohort study, and a case-­control study).   In semiprofessional and professional athletes, evidence was variable and may be sport related. Retired rugby players with a history of concussion showed no increase in depression compared to controls with no concussion history (SOR: B, based on a case-control study). Retired football players with previous concussions displayed increased incidence of depression, especially after ≥ 3 concussions (SOR: B, based on a prospective cohort study and a small case-control study).   There is a significant risk of bias in these studies because of their reliance on self-reported concussions, differing definitions of depression, and possible unmeasured confounders in the study designs, making a causative relationship between concussion and depression unclear.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0094-3509",
doi="10.12788/jfp.0142",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.12788/jfp.0142"
}