@article{ref1,
title="Explicit and implicit hopelessness and self-injury",
journal="Suicide and life-threatening behavior",
year="2021",
author="Gray, Nicola Susan and Knowles, James and George, Danielle and Harvey, Alex and Powell, Rachel and Zadeh, Mehrnaz Vazirian and Wansing, Carlotta and Snowden, Robert J.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between explicit and implicit measures of hopelessness and self-injurious behavior (defined here as self-harming or suicidal actions and thoughts). <br><br>METHOD: A community sample of 267 participants completed explicit measures of hopelessness (Beck's Hopelessness Scale and a Feeling Thermometer), an implicit measure of hopelessness (Hopelessness Implicit Association Test), and a self-report measure of their history of self-injurious behavior. <br><br>RESULTS: The results showed that high levels of hopelessness, measured both explicitly or implicitly, were associated with a past and recent history of self-injury. However, there was also an interaction between the implicit and explicit measures such that explicit hopelessness was more strongly predictive of self-injury in people with high levels of implicit hopelessness. <br><br>CONCLUSION: The findings show that the implicit measurement of hopelessness can help predict past and recent self-injury beyond what explicit measures of hopelessness currently achieve and could be used in the assessment of risk of both self-harming and suicidal behaviors.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0363-0234",
doi="10.1111/sltb.12743",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12743"
}