@article{ref1,
title="Risk and protective factors for cannabis, cocaine, and opioid use disorders: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies",
journal="Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews",
year="2021",
author="Solmi, Marco and Dragioti, Elena and Croatto, Giovanni and Radua, Joaquim and Borgwardt, Stefan and Carvalho, André F. and Demurtas, Jacopo and Mosina, Anna and Kurotschka, Peter Konstantin and Shin, Jae Il and Fusar-Poli, Paolo",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Several meta-analyses of observational studies have addressed the association between risk and protective factors and cannabis/cocaine/opioid use disorders, but results are conflicting. No umbrella review has ever graded the credibility of this evidence (not significant/weak/suggestive/highly suggestive/convincing). We searched Pubmed-MEDLINE/PsycInfo, last search September 21, 2020. We assessed the quality of meta-analyses with the AMSTAR-2 tool. Out of 3,072 initial references, five were included, providing 19 associations between 12 putative risk/protective factors and cannabis/cocaine/opioid use disorders (cases: 4539; N = 1,118,872,721). While 84% of the associations were statistically significant, none was convincing. One risk factor (smoking) had highly suggestive evidence for association with nonmedical use of prescription opioid medicines (OR = 3.07, 95%CI:2.27 to 4.14). Convincing evidence emerged in sensitivity analyses on antisocial behavior and cannabis use disoder (OR 3.34, 95%CI 2.53-4.41). Remaining associations had weak evidence. The quality of meta-analyses was rated as moderate in two (40%), low in one (20%), and critically low in two (40%). Future research is needed to better profile risk/protective factors for cannabis/cocaine/opioid use disorders disorders informing preventive approaches.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0149-7634",
doi="10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.014",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.014"
}