@article{ref1,
title="Fear, violence, inequality, and stunting in Guatemala",
journal="American journal of human biology",
year="2021",
author="Bogin, Barry",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Stunting is defined by the public health community as a length- or height-for-age <-2 SD of a growth standard or reference and is claimed to be caused by poor nutrition, repeated infection, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Stunting is common at all income levels in middle- and low-income countries. At the higher income levels, stunting is unlikely to be caused by nutrient deficiency or infectious disease. <br><br>RESULTS: In Guatemala, 17% of <5-year-olds in the highest family income quintile are stunted. Guatemala has a history of violence from armed conflict, current-day social and economic inequalities, government corruption, and threat of kidnapping for the wealthiest families. <br><br>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The high level of persistent violence creates an ecology of fear, an extreme range of inequalities in Social-Economic-Political-Emotional resources, and biosocial stress that inhibits skeletal growth and causes stunting for people of all income levels.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1042-0533",
doi="10.1002/ajhb.23627",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23627"
}