@article{ref1,
title="Painful and provocative events: determining which events are associated with increased odds of attempting suicide",
journal="Suicide and life-threatening behavior",
year="2021",
author="Bond, Allison E. and Bandel, Shelby L. and Daruwala, Samantha E. and Anestis, Michael D.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: The present study sought to determine which painful and provocative events differentiated those with suicidal ideation from those who attempted suicide. Additionally, it presents a novel way of utilizing the Painful and Provocative Scale (PPES) by looking at items dichotomously as experienced or not experienced, instead of the frequency at which they are experienced. <br><br>METHOD: Participants (N = 666) were recruited as part of a large online study seeking to understand suicide risk across multiple high-risk groups (i.e., veterinarians, military service members, transgender individuals, and gun owners) for suicide. Participants in the present study were predominately white, female, and heterosexual. <br><br>RESULTS: First, the PPES was examined as a dichotomous measure and results indicate that experiencing physical or sexual abuse, tying a noose, using intravenous drugs, or having injuries that required medical attention were associated with greater odds of attempting suicide; shooting a gun was associated with decreased odds. Next, the PPES was examined as a scale measure and findings indicate that increased exposure to rock climbing, experiencing physical or sexual abuse, or using intravenous drug were associated with increased odds of attempting suicide; while increased exposure to shooting a gun was associated with decreased odds. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The present study adds to the literature on the ideation-to-action framework and provides evidence considering the frequency of experiences using the Painful and Provocative Event Scale may not provide substantial information beyond dichotomous scoring.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0363-0234",
doi="10.1111/sltb.12781",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12781"
}