@article{ref1,
title="Head and neck response to axial impacts",
journal="Proceedings: Stapp Car Crash Conference",
year="1984",
author="Alem, Nabih M. and Nusholtz, Guy S. and Melvin, J. W.",
volume="28",
number="",
pages="275-288",
abstract="Two series of impacts to the head in the superior-inferior direction using 19 unembalmed cadavers are reported. The first series of five tests was aimed at generating kinematic and dynamic response to sub-injurious impacts for the purpose of defining the mechanical characteristics of the undamaged head-neck-spine system in the S-I direction. The second series of fourteen tests was intended to define injury tolerance levels for a selected subject configuration. A 10-kg impactor was used to deliver the impact to the crown at a nominal velocity of 8 m/s for the first series, and between 7 and 11 m/s for the second series. Measurements made include the impact velocity, force, and energy, the head three-dimensional kinematics, forces and moments at the occipital condyles, and accelerations of the T1, T6, and T12 vertebrae.   <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0585-086X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}