@article{ref1,
title="Interaction of air bags with upper extremities",
journal="Proceedings: Stapp Car Crash Conference",
year="1997",
author="Bass, Cameron R. and Duma, Stefan M. and Crandall, Jeffrey Richard and Morris, R. and Martin, P. and Pilkey, Walter D. and Hurwitz, Shepard and Khaewpong, Nopporn and Eppinger, Rolf H. and Sun, E.",
volume="41",
number="",
pages="111-129",
abstract="Sixteen excised cadaveric upper extremities mounted to a four degree-of-freedom universal joint that functioned as a shoulder were studied. The upper extremity position was a `natural' driving posture in a one-hand turn crossover maneuver which represents a `worst case' for deployment of an air bag into a forearm. Resulting forearm moments were used to develop logistic injury risk functions for ulna and ulna/radius fractures of female forearms in the worst case position under air bag deployment. For 50% risk of ulna or ulna/radius fractures, the dummy forearm moment is 61 N-m. For 50% risk of fracture of both the ulna and the radius, the dummy forearm moment is 91 N-m.<p />",
language="",
issn="0585-086X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}