@article{ref1,
title="Simulated occupant response to side-impact collisions",
journal="Proceedings: Stapp Car Crash Conference",
year="1975",
author="Bowman, Bruce M. and Schneider, Lawrence W. and Foust, DR",
volume="19",
number="",
pages="429-454",
abstract="Occupant response to side-impact collisions is studied with a mathematical vehicle/occupant model, the NVMA Two-Dimensional Crash Victim Simulator. A primary goal is the investigation of head-torso relative motion and neck forces and moments. The subject pool consisted of six carefully defined population segments which represented young, middle-age, and elderly male and female adults of average stature. The side-impact simulations make use of much pertinent data resulting from the volunteer subject testing program, including head-neck lateral bend range of motion, sternomastoid muscle group strength, reflex time, and anthropometry. For the various population segments, the series of computer simulations investigates 10- and 30-mph car-to-car impacts, the effect of muscle reflex with muscle tension buildup, and the effect of varying degrees of pre-impact constant tension. It is determined that neck muscle contraction may significantly lessen the likelihood of hard-tissue injury resulting from excessive lateral flexion. The lesser muscular strength of female and elderly crash victims indicates greater susceptibility to neck injury for these groups.<p />",
language="",
issn="0585-086X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}