@article{ref1,
title="Reference values for the Headache Impact Test-6 Questionnaire",
journal="Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation",
year="2021",
author="Houston, Megan N. and Bookbinder, Haley A. and Roach, Sean P. and Ross, Jeremy D. and Aderman, Michael J. and Peck, Karen Y. and Malvasi, Steven R. and Svoboda, Steven J. and Cameron, Kenneth L.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To determine reference values for the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6) in a young, physically active cohort and to examine the influence of sex, concussion history, headache history, and competitive sport level on HIT-6 scores. <br><br>DESIGN: Cross-Sectional. SETTING: United States Service Academy. PARTICIPANTS: United States Service Academy cadets completed a HIT-6 questionnaire as part of their annual concussion baseline assessment. Cadets with a recent concussion were excluded from baseline testing. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reference values were calculated and stratified by sex, concussion history, headache history, and competitive sport level. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to examine the impact of sex, concussion history, headache history, and competitive sport level on HIT-6 scores (p<0.05). <br><br>RESULTS: Of the 3599 cadets baselined, 2,687 cadets (23% female) agreed to participate in the study and completed the HIT-6. Females reported significantly worse HIT-6 scores compared to males both with (p<0.001) and without (p<0.001) a concussion history. In both sexes, participants with a headache history reported worse scores than those with no headache/concussion history and a concussion history (all p's<0.005). Females who participated in intramural athletics reported worse HIT-6 scores at baseline than female intercollegiate athletes (p=0.003). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to stratify HIT-6 data by sex, concussion history, headache history, and sport level in a collegiate population at risk for concussions. Sex and headache history appear to influence HIT-6 scores and should be given special consideration when interpreting health-related quality of life deficits due to headache.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0003-9993",
doi="10.1016/j.apmr.2021.05.013",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2021.05.013"
}