@article{ref1,
title="Concussion coach for postconcussive symptoms: a randomized, controlled trial of a smartphone application with Afghanistan and Iraq war Veterans",
journal="Clinical neuropsychologist, The",
year="2021",
author="Belanger, Heather G. and Toyinbo, Peter and Barrett, Blake and King, Emily and Sayer, Nina A.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Investigate the effectiveness of Concussion Coach, an interactive smartphone application, as a treatment for residual neurobehavioral symptoms and distress in Veterans with a history of mild traumatic brain injury (mild TBI). <br><br>METHODS: Veterans with mild TBI were randomized to Concussion Coach (n = 238) or Treatment-as-Usual (TAU) (n = 241) in a 3-month randomized controlled trial. Primary outcome measures included postconcussive symptom (PCS) severity as measured by the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI), and psychological distress as measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18). Measures of self-efficacy, social support, and comfort with technology were administered as potential moderators and mediators. An intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis was performed (N = 461: Concussion Coach = 231 and TAU = 230) using Bayesian Network (BN)modeling. <br><br>RESULTS: The probability of decreased PCS severity was significantly greater for those assigned to Concussion Coach,.35 [.32,.37], than for TAU,.29 (.27,.32), with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.29. Also, Concussion Coach showed a significantly greater probability of increased self-efficacy (.36 [.32,.39]) than did TAU (.28 [.25,.30], OR = 1.42). In turn, self-efficacy (increased vs. decreased) showed a significantly greater probability of decreased PCS severity (.51 [.47,.54] vs. .27 [.24,.30], OR = 2.71) and decreased psychological distress (.53 [.49,.56] vs. .32 [.29,.35], OR = 2.35), suggesting that self-efficacy may have mediated Concussion Coach effects. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Concussion Coach is effective at reducing PCS severity and psychological distress. Increased self-efficacy/perception of self-management of symptoms may be key to successful treatment of residual symptoms in those with history of concussion.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1385-4046",
doi="10.1080/13854046.2021.1936188",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1936188"
}