@article{ref1,
title="Gender differences in depression in the general population of Indonesia: confounding effects",
journal="Depression research and treatment",
year="2021",
author="Mumang, Andi Agus and Syamsuddin, Saidah and Maria, Ida Leida and Yusuf, Irawan",
volume="2021",
number="",
pages="e3162445-e3162445",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Research findings on gender differences in depression are inconsistent. This study investigated gender and depression in the Indonesian population and considered possible confounding effects. <br><br>METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. Participants completed the following self-report measures: demographic characteristic questions, the Cultural Orientation Scale, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Gender differences in depression were examined using a generalized linear model. <br><br>RESULTS: After withdrawals, 265 men and 243 women remained. Women and men did not differ in overall scores and four-factor depression symptoms even after adjusting for cultural orientation and demographic confounding factors, except for the depression symptoms &quot;crying,&quot; &quot;cannot get going,&quot; and &quot;people were unfriendly.&quot; Gender differences in depression became significant after adjusting for stereotypical symptom variance. Men reported being lonelier than women. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Possible confounding effects on the association between gender and depression are methodological issues, cultural orientation transition, and stereotypical symptoms. Low depression scores found for gender may reflect dimension-counterpart coping strategies.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2090-1321",
doi="10.1155/2021/3162445",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3162445"
}