@article{ref1,
title="Sensitivity of porcine thoracic responses and injuries to various frontal and a lateral impact site",
journal="Proceedings: Stapp Car Crash Conference",
year="1978",
author="Viano, David C. and Warner, CY and Hoopes, Keith and Mortenson, C and White, Richard and Artinian, C. G.",
volume="22",
number="",
pages="169-207",
abstract="Twelve anesthetized pigs were subjected to various blunt frontal or a right-side impact to asses biomechanical and injury response differences in a living animal model. For frontal impacts, thoracic compliance and injury were significantly affected by the location of the sternal load. Impacts above midsternum (to a relatively stiff thorax) produced infrequent skeletal damage but serious mediastinal hemorrhaging and lung laceration; whereas, impacts below midsternum (to a more compliant thorax) resulted in extensive skeletal damage and liver laceration. For lateral impacts, large penetration into the rib cage produced serious liver injuries with extensive near-side skeletal damage in one case and no fractures in the other. The evaluation of functional response to impact was enhanced by analysis of potential heart dysfunctions and of variations in blood catecholamines.<p />",
language="",
issn="0585-086X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}