@article{ref1,
title="Guidelines for protected/permissive left-turn signal phasing",
journal="Transportation research record",
year="1986",
author="Cottrell, Benjamin H., Jr",
volume="1069",
number="",
pages="54-61",
abstract="Guidelines for the use of protected/permissive left-turn signal phasing were developed by collecting and analyzing data on traffic and roadway conditions for protected-only, protected/permissive, and permissive left-turn phasings to identify relationships among these conditions and signal phasings. The following left-turn signal aspects are addressed: (a) traffic volume based on the peak-hour minimum left-turn volume and the product of the peak-hour left-turn and opposing volumes with lower and upper limits, (b) annual left-turn accident experience based on the critical number and rate, (c) left-turn traffic conflict experience based on the critical number and rate, (d) left-turn delay, (e) site condition, (f) user cost savings for protected/permissive versus protected-only left-turn phasing, and (g) traffic engineering judgment.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0361-1981",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}