@article{ref1,
title="Mariner's use of automated navigation systems",
journal="Transportation research record",
year="1994",
author="Smith, Myriam Witkin and Akerstrom-Hoffman, Robin and Pizzariello, Carmine M. and Siegel, Steven I. and Gonin, Irene M.",
volume="1464",
number="",
pages="3-11",
abstract="As part of a recent United States Coast Guard evaluation of Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDISs), an experiment was conducted to examine the mariner's use of such systems in the controlled setting of a shiphandling simulator. Two ECDISs were interfaced with the simulator at MarineSafety International/Computer Aided Operations Research Facility in Kings Point, New York. On the simulator, experienced mariners each made multiple port arrivals and departures as a lone watchstander on the bridge: navigating a planned route, responding to the traffic of a busy harbor, and managing the preparations for the arrival or departure. During transits under baseline conditions, the conventional methods of navigation were available: plotting on the paper chart, radar/automated radar plotting aid (ARPA), and visual piloting. During the test conditions, one of the ECDISs was added to the bridge, with or without automatic updating of own ship's position, and with or without the integration of radar features. ECDIS increased safety, both by decreasing the cross-track distance of own ship from the planned route and by increasing the proportion of time that the mariner spent on look out and collision avoidance. ECDIS significantly decreased the mariner workload for navigation when automatic updating of position was available. The mariners expressed a preference for a relatively simple chart display for route monitoring, with the immediate availability of a larger set of chart information. No measurable effects of radar features on ECDISs were found, although the mariners believed that this would be a valuable addition.  Record URL:  http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1994/1464/1464-001.pdf<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0361-1981",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}