@article{ref1,
title="Direct and indirect costs among caregivers of patients with major depressive disorder and suicidal ideation or suicidal attempt",
journal="Primary care companion to CNS disorders",
year="2021",
author="Kuvadia, Harsh and Beren, Ian A. and Starr, H. Lynn and Sheehan, John J. and Kleinman, Nathan L. and Brook, Richard A.",
volume="23",
number="4",
pages="20m02893-20m02893",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To compare direct and indirect costs among caregivers of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicidal ideation and/or suicide attempts (MDSI) versus caregivers of patients with MDD alone versus caregivers of patients without MDD or suicidal ideation and/or suicide attempts (controls). <br><br>METHODS: Cohorts were based on caregivers of adult patients with MDSI, MDD alone, and controls. Patients were identified by Workpartners employer database ICD-9/ICD-10 codes (January 2010 to July 2019) and were spouses or domestic partners of employees (caregivers). Twenty controls and 20 MDD-alone caregivers were matched to each MDSI caregiver on sex, age, and index year. All caregiver-patient pairs had 6 months pre/postindex information and met additional inclusion/exclusion criteria. Patient and caregiver medical and prescription claims and caregiver absenteeism (payment/time) were analyzed. Direct costs (medical, prescription) and indirect costs (absence payments by benefit type) were analyzed using separate, 2-part stepwise regression models and controlling for demographics, job-related variables, region, index year, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score. <br><br>RESULTS: 570 MDSI caregiver-patient pairs and 11,400 matched MDD-alone and control pairs were identified. MDSI and MDD-alone caregivers had higher medical costs compared with controls ($5,131 and $4,548 versus $3,885, respectively; P < .0001). Prescription costs were highest among MDSI caregivers, followed by MDD-alone and control caregivers ($1,852, $1,425, and $1,005, respectively; P < .001). MDSI caregivers had the highest total indirect costs. MDSI patient medical and prescription costs were highest, followed by MDD-alone and control patients. <br><br>CONCLUSION: MDSI caregivers had significantly greater direct and indirect costs compared with MDD-alone and non-MDD caregivers.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2155-7772",
doi="10.4088/PCC.20m02893",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/PCC.20m02893"
}