@article{ref1,
title="Schools, subcultural values, and the risk of youth violence: the influence of the code of the street among students in three U.S. cities",
journal="Journal of youth and adolescence",
year="2021",
author="Hughes, Lorine A. and Botchkovar, Ekaterina V. and Antonaccio, Olena and Timmer, Anastasiia",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="Little is known about the role of subcultural values in the development of violence in schools and among school-aged children. Drawing on the &quot;code of the street&quot; thesis, which identifies schools as important staging grounds in the campaign for respect among young people, this study aims to fill this gap in the literature by analyzing student- and school-level associations between projected violence and self-reported subcultural values revolving around toughness and respect. The analytic sample includes N = 1767 students (53.65% female) in grades 7, 8, and 9 (ages 11-17 years, mean = 13.5 years) at 40 middle and high schools in Boston, MA, Denver, CO, and Miami, FL. Consistent with research involving a variety of adolescent and young adult populations, estimates from multilevel negative binomial regression models reveal a robust positive student-level association between personal adherence to subcultural values and projected violence. However, school-level results indicate a compositional, rather than contextual, effect in which higher school-mean levels of projected violence reflect the aggregate values of individual students rather than independent or interactive processes involving the school-level prevalence of code of the street values. Thus, while code of the street values may be important contributors to youth violence, the school setting appears to play a limited role in transmitting their influence among students.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0047-2891",
doi="10.1007/s10964-021-01521-0",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01521-0"
}