@article{ref1,
title="Development and validation of a novel instrument to measure pedestrians' smartphone use: the Smombie Scale",
journal="Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour",
year="2021",
author="Park, Sunhee and Kim, Beomsoo",
volume="82",
number="",
pages="440-449",
abstract="This study aimed to develop and verify the psychometric properties of the Smombie Scale, a new instrument to measure pedestrians' smartphone use. The instrument development process comprised two phases: instrument development and psychometric evaluation. Data were collected from September to October 2020 using the &quot;Invite&quot; panel aggregator. The link to the online questionnaire was sent via smartphone text message to 400 young adults aged 18-39 years and yielded 398 valid responses. We randomly selected 200 participants for the exploratory factor analysis; the remaining 198 participants were selected for confirmatory factor analysis. The Smombie Scale comprises 15 items and four factors: (a) perceived risk; (b) stationary smartphone use, always on the smartphone; (c) pending instant message; and (d) smartphone dependency. Model fit was statistically significant (χ2/df = 2.20). The analyses indicated a sufficient goodness-of-fit index of 0.93, a comparative goodness-of-fit index of 0.95, a normed fit index and Tucker-Lewis index of 0.91, and a root mean square error of approximation of 0.07. The scale was also found to have sufficient reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83). The newly developed Smombie Scale is valid and reliable in measuring pedestrians' smartphone use among young adults. The Smombie Scale shows evidence of being suitable for evaluating smartphone-distracted pedestrians. Its results can provide data for drafting educational programs to prevent smombie behaviors and deal with potential risks.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1369-8478",
doi="10.1016/j.trf.2021.09.004",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.09.004"
}